1. dialects
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          • Define a role
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          • Change what a role permits
          • Delete a role, and revoke every key granted it
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          • Who holds a role
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          • A database's connection pools, and how busy each is
          • Open another pool
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          • Several statements, in order, over one connection
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          • Cancel an unfinished job
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        • Every database on the account
        • Provision a database
        • Change a database that is already running
        • One database
        • Deprovision it
        • Read or write it
        • Report what it is using
        • The engines this API will provision
        • Where a managed database can be put
    • Teams
      • Teams
        • Members
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          • The projects a team runs
          • Start one
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          • Delete a project
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        • Rename a team
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      • Pool
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      • TeamBilling
      • TeamKerberosRealm
      • TeamSsoDomain
      • TeamSsoResponse
      • StoreConnection
      • BatchFailure
      • ProxyStatus
  1. dialects

Yellowbrick Dialect

Overview#

Yellowbrick is an MPP analytics data warehouse with
a PostgreSQL-derived SQL front end. It speaks the PostgreSQL wire protocol,
so YellowbrickDialect extends PostgresDialect and reuses the pg
driver, $n binding, identifier escaping and every read-path builder.
In a warehouse, physical layout is the tuning surface — there are no
secondary indexes. The dialect compiles Yellowbrick's layout clauses from
structured options, and refuses the PostgreSQL features Yellowbrick lacks.
PropertyValue
Dialect nameyellowbrick
ExtendsPostgresDialect
Driverpg
Default port5432
Cloud SDKnone
Local runtimenone — hosted service only

Quick start#

Install#

$ npm install ts-prorm-orm pg
$ pnpm add ts-prorm-orm pg
$ yarn add ts-prorm-orm pg
$ bun add ts-prorm-orm pg
pg is the same driver the postgres dialect uses. pg-copy-streams is optional: only the features that need it load it.

Connect#

import { Prorm } from 'ts-prorm-orm';

export const db = new Prorm({
  dialect: 'yellowbrick',
  host: 'yb.example.com',
  database: 'warehouse',
  username: 'analyst',
  password: process.env.YB_PASSWORD,
});
import { Prorm } from 'ts-prorm-orm';

export const db = new Prorm({
  dialect: 'yellowbrick',
  url: 'yellowbrick://analyst:secret@yb.example.com:5432/warehouse',
});
A URL is folded into host, port, database, username and password before the dialect is built; any of those passed alongside it wins.

Define a model#

import { DataTypes } from 'ts-prorm-orm';

const User = db.define('User', {
  id: { type: DataTypes.INTEGER(), primaryKey: true },
  email: { type: DataTypes.STRING(255), allowNull: false, unique: true },
  name: { type: DataTypes.STRING(100) },
});

await db.sync(); // CREATE TABLE — see Generated SQL below
The key has no autoIncrement: the engine has no sequence or identity column the dialect will emit, so the application supplies id.

Query#

import { Op } from 'ts-prorm-orm';

await User.create({ id: 1, email: 'ada@example.com', name: 'Ada' });

const page = await User.findAll({
  where: { name: { [Op.like]: 'A%' } },
  order: [['id', 'ASC']],
  limit: 20,
  offset: 40,
});

Generated SQL#

Each block is the statement the model call above it hands the dialect's query(), captured with the driver stubbed out. The model layer inlines the values.

Create table#

db.sync() for the model in the Quick start:
CREATE TABLE

Insert, update and delete#

await User.create({ id: 1, email: 'ada@example.com', name: 'Ada' });
await User.update({ name: 'Grace' }, { where: { email: 'ada@example.com' } });
await User.destroy({ where: { id: 1 } });

Upsert#

[!WARNING] No upsert
Yellowbrick has no INSERT ... ON CONFLICT and no MERGE (and does not enforce unique keys, so there is no conflict to detect). Upsert as DELETE of the matching keys then INSERT, inside one transaction.

Pagination#

await User.findAll({
  where: { name: { [Op.like]: 'A%' } },
  order: [['id', 'ASC']],
  limit: 20,
  offset: 40,
});

Transaction with a savepoint#

await db.transaction(async (t) => {
  await User.create({ id: 2, email: 'grace@example.com', name: 'Grace' }, { transaction: t });
  // A nested transaction is a SAVEPOINT; its failure undoes only its own work.
  await db
    .transaction(async (sp) => {
      await User.destroy({ where: { id: 1 }, transaction: sp });
      throw new Error('keep the row');
    }, { transaction: t })
    .catch(() => {});
});
Type mapping for the portable descriptors: STRING → VARCHAR(255), auto-increment INTEGER → refused, BOOLEAN → BOOLEAN, DATE → TIMESTAMP, UUID → UUID, JSON → JSON. The type comparison lines the major engines up side by side.

Connection#

import { YellowbrickDialect } from 'prorm/dialects/yellowbrick';

const dialect = new YellowbrickDialect({
  host: 'yb.example.com',
  username: 'analyst',
  password: process.env.YB_PASSWORD,
  database: 'warehouse',
});

What differs from Postgres#

YellowbrickDialect extends PostgresDialect (postgres) and
overrides 63 of its methods (Object.getOwnPropertyNames(YellowbrickDialect.prototype),
computed by the scratch test); everything else is inherited unchanged.
AreaOverridden
Connection and executionlisten, notify, query, unlisten
DML buildersbuildDeleteQuery, buildInsertQuery, buildMergeQuery, buildUpdateQuery, buildUpsertQuery, formatDefaultValue
TypesbuildColumnSql, canonicalTypeSql, createEnumType, ensureEnumTypes, getDataTypeSql, mapNativeType, unsupportedType
DDL and schemaaddColumn, addIndex, alterVarcharLength, attachPartition, buildAlterVarcharLengthSql, buildCreateSequenceSql, buildCreateTableAsQuery, buildCreateTableSql, buildPartitionSpec, buildTableConstraintSql, changeColumn, createDomain, createExtension, createGINIndex, createGISTIndex, createIndex, createMaterializedView, createPartition, createPartitionedTable, createPolicy, createSequence, createTable, createTrigger, detachPartition, disableRLS, dropExtension, dropPartition, dropPolicy, dropTrigger, enableRLS, refreshMaterializedView, removeColumn
IntrospectiongetExtensions, hasExtension, hasPolicy, hasTrigger
OtherbuildLayoutClauses, formatRangeStep, formatRangeValue, indexRefusal, matviewRefusal, partitionRefusal, returningRefusal, rlsRefusal, serialRefusal, upsertRefusal

Physical layout#

buildCreateTableSql appends, in the order Yellowbrick requires:
1.
DISTRIBUTE ON (col) / DISTRIBUTE RANDOM / DISTRIBUTE REPLICATE
2.
SORT ON (col) or CLUSTER ON (col, ...) (up to 4 — mutually exclusive)
3.
PARTITION BY (RANGE (...) | HASH (...), ...) (up to 4 columns)
dialect.buildCreateTableSql('events', {
  id: { type: DataTypes.BIGINT, allowNull: false },
  ts: { type: DataTypes.DATE },
}, {
  distribute: { on: 'id' },
  sortOn: 'ts',
  partitions: [
    { type: 'hash', column: 'id', partitions: 64, isNull: true },
    {
      type: 'range',
      column: 'ts',
      between: [{ date: '2024-01-01' }, { date: '2024-12-31' }],
      each: { interval: '1 month' },
      outsideRange: true,
    },
  ],
});
Bounds are numbers, { date } or { timestamp }; steps are numbers or
{ interval } — all string values are escaped. Checked before any SQL is sent:
distributing or clustering on a floating-point column, SORT ON with
CLUSTER ON, more than 4 cluster or partition columns, hash partition counts
outside 2–32,767 (1–32,766 with IS NULL), and partitioning a replicated
table. Partitioning is fixed at creation.

CREATE TABLE AS#

buildCreateTableAsQuery compiles the SELECT from findAll-shaped options,
with values bound, and appends the same layout clauses:
dialect.buildCreateTableAsQuery(
  'stats',
  { tableName: 'matches', where: { season: 5 } },
  { distribute: { on: 'season' }, sortOn: 'team' },
);
// CREATE TABLE "stats" AS SELECT * FROM "matches" WHERE "season" = $1
//   DISTRIBUTE ON ("season") SORT ON ("team")        values: [5]
It is also the answer to "materialized view" on Yellowbrick.

Constraints are planner hints#

PRIMARY KEY, UNIQUE and FOREIGN KEY are accepted but not enforced;
Yellowbrick uses them as hints during planning. The dialect emits them because
they help the planner — but nothing stops a duplicate key. Only NOT NULL is
enforced. CHECK constraints do not exist and are refused.

Writes#

Yellowbrick has no ON CONFLICT, no MERGE and no RETURNING.
upsert, buildUpsertQuery, buildMergeQuery throw — upsert as
DELETE + INSERT in one transaction.
returning on insert/update/delete throws.
The inherited PostgreSQL query() appends RETURNING * to every INSERT to
recover generated keys. That is a syntax error here, so query() sends
INSERTs exactly as written and reports their row count.

Sequences, not SERIAL#

There is no SERIAL and no identity column; autoIncrement throws. Sequences
take only START WITH:
dialect.buildCreateSequenceSql({ name: 'matchid', startWith: 1000 });
// CREATE SEQUENCE "matchid" START WITH 1000
Values are generated per worker in steps of 1024 or more — unique, never dense.
Insert nextval('matchid') explicitly. incrementBy, cache, minvalue,
maxvalue, cycle and ownedBy are refused rather than ignored.

ALTER TABLE#

removeColumn throws — there is no DROP COLUMN.
changeColumn throws; the one retype Yellowbrick allows is lengthening a
VARCHAR: alterVarcharLength('team', 'city', 30) →
ALTER TABLE "team" ALTER COLUMN "city" VARCHAR(30).
addColumn refuses NOT NULL and autoIncrement.

Data types#

Model typeYellowbrickNote
TEXTVARCHAR(64000)TEXT columns cannot be created
STRING(n) / CHAR(n)VARCHAR(n) / CHAR(n)n over 64,000 throws
DECIMAL(p,s)DECIMAL(p,s)p over 38 throws
INTERVAL, ARRAY, RANGEthrowsnot column types
INET, CIDRthrowsdeclare 'IPV4' / 'IPV6' as a string type
HSTORE, VECTOR, PostGIS, CITEXTthrowsno extensions
anything autoIncrementthrowsno SERIAL
JSON / JSONBas PostgreSQLfull JSON support is a Yellowbrick 7.x feature

The full refusal list#

Asked forWhat happens
addIndex, createIndex, GIN/GiST, createTable({ indexes })Refused — no CREATE INDEX; use layout
upsert, buildUpsertQuery, buildMergeQueryRefused
returning on any writeRefused
autoIncrement, SERIALRefused
Sequence options other than START WITHRefused
CHECK constraintsRefused
raw partitionBy, inherit, tablespaceRefused
removeColumn, changeColumn, NOT NULL addColumnRefused
Triggers, extensions, materialized views, RLSRefused; has* report none
createEnumType, createDomainRefused
LISTEN / UNLISTEN / NOTIFYRefused
Declarative partition entry pointsRefused — partitions are declared on CREATE TABLE
Kept from PostgreSQL: SAVEPOINT, TRUNCATE, COPY, PL/pgSQL stored
procedures, views, temporary tables (with ON COMMIT).
Bulk loading is done with ybload, Yellowbrick's separate client tool, and is
out of scope for the dialect.

Capabilities#

Computed from the code — capabilitiesOf() (src/transaction-support.ts),
whereSupportOf() (src/query-builders/expression-render.ts),
sqlObjectCapabilitiesOf() (src/sql-objects/capabilities.ts) and the
builders — by the scratch test described in the
capability matrix.
Capabilityyellowbrick
Transactions atomicyes
Savepointsyes
Isolationup to SERIALIZABLE
Transaction modesread-only yes; deferrable yes; constraint deferral yes
RETURNINGrefused — Yellowbrick has no RETURNING clause on INSERT. Read the affected rows back with a SELECT on the same key.
Upsertrefused — Yellowbrick has no INSERT ... ON CONFLICT and no MERGE (and does not enforce unique keys, so there is no conflict to detect). Upsert as DELETE of the matching k
JSON columnJSON (JSONB → JSONB)
Vector columnrefused — Yellowbrick does not support pgvector types (it has no extensions) (column type 'VECTOR').
Array columnrefused — Yellowbrick does not support array columns (column type 'ARRAY').
WHERE builder62 operator keys; $and/$or/$not; $exists: yes; $in subquery: yes; expression operands: yes
SQL objectsfamily unknown: triggers no; procedures no; functions no; materialized views no; sequences no; enums check; RLS no
StreamingqueryStream() present; LISTEN present; createExtension() present

Testing#

tests/dialects/yellowbrick.test.ts exercises the dialect with a mocked driver, so nothing touches a server.

See also#

CREATE TABLE
Partitioning options
CREATE SEQUENCE
Modified at 2026-10-04 00:40:16
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