1. dialects
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      • StoreConnection
      • BatchFailure
      • ProxyStatus
  1. dialects

Dolt Dialect

Reference for the dolt SQL dialect.
Source: dolt
Tests: dolt

Overview#

Dolt is a SQL database with Git-style version
control in its storage: tables can be branched, diffed, merged and queried at
any past commit. dolt sql-server speaks the MySQL protocol and implements
MySQL 8's SQL, so DoltDialect extends MySQLDialect and reuses mysql2,
escaping, ? placeholders and every CRUD builder.
PropertyValue
Dialect namedolt
ExtendsMySQLDialect (mysql)
Drivermysql2
Cloud SDKnone
Default port3306
Local runtimeself-hosted; no image in this repo
Version control is driven by stored procedures whose arguments are CLI-style
flags (CALL DOLT_COMMIT('-a', '-m', 'msg')). That shape invites hand-built
SQL, so each procedure has a typed builder here; every argument goes through
escape().

Quick start#

Install#

$ npm install ts-prorm-orm mysql2
$ pnpm add ts-prorm-orm mysql2
$ yarn add ts-prorm-orm mysql2
$ bun add ts-prorm-orm mysql2
mysql2 is the same driver the mysql dialect uses.

Connect#

import { Prorm } from 'ts-prorm-orm';

export const db = new Prorm({
  dialect: 'dolt',
  host: 'localhost',
  database: 'mydb',
  username: 'root',
});
import { Prorm } from 'ts-prorm-orm';

export const db = new Prorm({
  dialect: 'dolt',
  url: 'dolt://root@localhost:3306/mydb',
});
A URL is folded into host, port, database, username and password before the dialect is built; any of those passed alongside it wins.

Define a model#

import { DataTypes } from 'ts-prorm-orm';

const User = db.define('User', {
  id: { type: DataTypes.INTEGER(), primaryKey: true, autoIncrement: true },
  email: { type: DataTypes.STRING(255), allowNull: false, unique: true },
  name: { type: DataTypes.STRING(100) },
});

await db.sync(); // CREATE TABLE — see Generated SQL below

Query#

import { Op } from 'ts-prorm-orm';

await User.create({ email: 'ada@example.com', name: 'Ada' });

const page = await User.findAll({
  where: { name: { [Op.like]: 'A%' } },
  order: [['id', 'ASC']],
  limit: 20,
  offset: 40,
});

Generated SQL#

Each block is the statement the model call above it hands the dialect's query(), captured with the driver stubbed out. The model layer inlines the values.

Create table#

db.sync() for the model in the Quick start:
CREATE TABLE

Insert, update and delete#

await User.create({ email: 'ada@example.com', name: 'Ada' });
await User.update({ name: 'Grace' }, { where: { email: 'ada@example.com' } });
await User.destroy({ where: { id: 1 } });

Upsert#

await User.upsert({ id: 1, email: 'ada@example.com', name: 'Ada Lovelace' });
upsert() also reads the row by primary key before and after the write, to return the instance.

Pagination#

await User.findAll({
  where: { name: { [Op.like]: 'A%' } },
  order: [['id', 'ASC']],
  limit: 20,
  offset: 40,
});

JSON#

[!NOTE] No JSON operator in the WHERE builder
DataTypes.JSON() maps to JSON, but this dialect's WHERE builder refuses Op.contains on it: Cannot render WHERE condition at meta.containsfordolt:theoperator′contains' is not implemented by its WHERE builder. The statement was not sent, because running it without the condition would match rows it should not.

Transaction with a savepoint#

await db.transaction(async (t) => {
  await User.create({ email: 'grace@example.com', name: 'Grace' }, { transaction: t });
  // A nested transaction is a SAVEPOINT; its failure undoes only its own work.
  await db
    .transaction(async (sp) => {
      await User.destroy({ where: { id: 1 }, transaction: sp });
      throw new Error('keep the row');
    }, { transaction: t })
    .catch(() => {});
});
Type mapping for the portable descriptors: STRING → VARCHAR(255), auto-increment INTEGER → INT, BOOLEAN → TINYINT(1), DATE → DATETIME, UUID → CHAR(36), JSON → JSON. The type comparison lines the major engines up side by side.

Connection#

The dialect is reached through Prorm (the class is not exported from the package root):
import { Prorm } from 'ts-prorm-orm';

const d = new Prorm({
  dialect: 'dolt',
  host: '127.0.0.1',
  // port defaults to 3306
  username: 'root',
  database: 'mydb',          // or 'mydb/feature' — a revision database
});
await d.connect();
Driver: mysql2.

What differs from MySQL#

DoltDialect extends MySQLDialect (mysql) and
overrides 42 of its methods (Object.getOwnPropertyNames(DoltDialect.prototype),
computed by the scratch test); everything else is inherited unchanged.
AreaOverridden
Connection and executionstartTransaction
DML buildersbuildDeleteBranchSql, buildDeleteTagSql, buildMergeSql, buildSelectQuery
DDL and schemaadd, buildAddSql, buildCreateBranchSql, buildRenameBranchSql, buildSchemaDiffQuery, buildTableFunctionQuery, createBranch, createPartition, dropPartition
IntrospectionassertRevision, checkout, hashOf
OtherbuildAbortMergeSql, buildCheckoutSql, buildCherryPickSql, buildCommitSql, buildCopyBranchSql, buildDiffQuery, buildDiffStatQuery, buildDiffSummaryQuery, buildHashOfSql, buildHistoryQuery, buildLogQuery, buildResetSql, buildRevertSql, buildStatusQuery, buildTagSql, callProcedure, commit, deleteBranch, diff, formatAuthor, log, merge, quoteRevisionTable, rangeArgs, reset

Version-control procedures#

d.buildCommitSql({ message: 'Add users', all: true, author: { name: 'Ann', email: 'ann@x.io' } });
// CALL DOLT_COMMIT('-a', '-m', 'Add users', '--author', 'Ann <ann@x.io>')

d.buildAddSql('all');                         // CALL DOLT_ADD('-A')
d.buildAddSql(['t1', 't2']);                  // CALL DOLT_ADD('t1', 't2')

d.buildCreateBranchSql('feature', 'main~2');  // CALL DOLT_BRANCH('feature', 'main~2')
d.buildCopyBranchSql('main', 'feature1');     // CALL DOLT_BRANCH('-c', 'main', 'feature1')
d.buildRenameBranchSql('old', 'new');         // CALL DOLT_BRANCH('-m', 'old', 'new')
d.buildDeleteBranchSql('b', { force: true }); // CALL DOLT_BRANCH('-D', 'b')

d.buildMergeSql('feature', { noFastForward: true, message: 'Merge feature' });
// CALL DOLT_MERGE('feature', '--no-ff', '-m', 'Merge feature')
d.buildAbortMergeSql();                       // CALL DOLT_MERGE('--abort')

d.buildResetSql({ mode: 'hard', target: 'HEAD~1' }); // CALL DOLT_RESET('--hard', 'HEAD~1')
d.buildResetSql({ tables: ['t'] });                  // CALL DOLT_RESET('t')

d.buildTagSql('v1.0', { ref: 'main', message: 'release' });
// CALL DOLT_TAG('-m', 'release', 'v1.0', 'main')
d.buildRevertSql('HEAD~2');                   // CALL DOLT_REVERT('HEAD~2')
d.buildCherryPickSql('feature~1');            // CALL DOLT_CHERRY_PICK('feature~1')
d.buildHashOfSql('main');                     // SELECT HASHOF('main') AS `hash`
Commit optionFlag
message (required)-m
all-a (modified tables)
allTables-A (including new tables)
author ('Name <email>' or { name, email })--author
allowEmpty / skipEmpty (exclusive)--allow-empty / --skip-empty
amend--amend
force-f
Executors: commit, add, createBranch, deleteBranch, merge, reset,
hashOf.

Why checkout() refuses#

DOLT_CHECKOUT switches the branch of the current session. This dialect
runs on a mysql2 pool, so a checkout would move one pooled connection and
leave the next query — on another connection — on the default branch, writing
to the wrong branch with no error. checkout() therefore throws.
buildCheckoutSql(branch, { create?, force? }) still exists for a caller
holding a dedicated connection. The pool-safe ways to work on a branch are:
connect with a revision database: database: 'mydb/feature', or
qualify table names: d.quoteRevisionTable('mydb', 'feature', 'users') →
`mydb/feature`.`users`.

Reading history#

AS OF#

d.buildSelectQuery({ tableName: 'users', where: { id: 1 }, asOf: 'main~3' });
// { sql: "SELECT * FROM `users` AS OF 'main~3' WHERE `id` = ?", values: [1] }

d.buildSelectQuery({ tableName: 'users', asOf: new Date('2024-01-01') });
// SELECT * FROM `users` AS OF TIMESTAMP('2024-01-01 ...')
asOf accepts a branch, tag, commit hash or HEAD~n (sent as a string
literal) or a Date. Without asOf, the select is byte-identical to MySQL's.

Diff and log table functions#

d.buildDiffQuery({ from: 'main', to: 'feature', table: 'inventory', where: { diff_type: 'removed' } });
// { sql: "SELECT * FROM DOLT_DIFF('main', 'feature', 'inventory') WHERE `diff_type` = ?", values: ['removed'] }

d.buildDiffQuery({ from: 'main', to: 'feature', table: 'inventory', threeDot: true });
// SELECT * FROM DOLT_DIFF('main...feature', 'inventory')

d.buildDiffSummaryQuery({ from: 'main', to: 'WORKING' });
d.buildDiffStatQuery({ from: 'main', to: 'WORKING', table: 'inventory' });
d.buildSchemaDiffQuery({ from: 'main', to: 'feature' });
d.buildLogQuery({ revision: { from: 'main', to: 'feature' }, tables: ['users'] });
// SELECT * FROM DOLT_LOG('main..feature', '--tables', 'users')
All take where (a where-object, bound as ?) and limit. threeDot
diffs from the merge base — "what does this branch change?". Executors:
diff(), log().

System tables#

d.buildHistoryQuery('users', { where: { id: 7 }, limit: 5 });
// SELECT * FROM `dolt_history_users` WHERE `id` = ? LIMIT 5
d.buildStatusQuery(); // SELECT * FROM `dolt_status`

Refused, by name#

CallWhy
checkout()Session-scoped branch switch on a pool (see above).
buildSelectQuery({ lock })Dolt documents SELECT ... FOR UPDATE as unsupported: no row-level locks.
startTransaction({ isolationLevel }) other than REPEATABLE_READSET TRANSACTION is not implemented; Dolt has one level. REPEATABLE_READ is accepted and simply not sent.
createPartition, dropPartitionADD/DROP PARTITION are not implemented.
Triggers, stored procedures, events, foreign keys, savepoints, spatial types
and (basic) full-text indexes are supported by Dolt and inherited from MySQL
unchanged. CREATE FUNCTION (loadable functions) is not implemented by Dolt.

Type mapping#

Identical to the MySQL dialect, including spatial types.

Caveats / not-yet-verified#

All SQL above is asserted as strings in tests/dialects/dolt.test.ts without
a database. Execution against dolt sql-server is not exercised.
CALL returns a result set (e.g. DOLT_COMMIT returns the new hash), but
the inherited MySQL query() treats CALL as a non-SELECT and returns no
rows, so commit() resolves to void; read the hash with hashOf('HEAD').
The AS OF insertion targets the root table only; joined tables are read at
the session's revision.

Capabilities#

Computed from the code — capabilitiesOf() (src/transaction-support.ts),
whereSupportOf() (src/query-builders/expression-render.ts),
sqlObjectCapabilitiesOf() (src/sql-objects/capabilities.ts) and the
builders — by the scratch test described in the
capability matrix.
Capabilitydolt
Transactions atomicyes
Savepointsyes
Isolationup to SERIALIZABLE
Transaction modesread-only yes; deferrable no; constraint deferral no
RETURNINGnot emitted; returning is accepted and ignored
UpsertINSERT … ON DUPLICATE KEY UPDATE
JSON columnJSON (JSONB → JSON)
Vector columnVECTOR(3)
Array columnVARCHAR(255)
WHERE builder28 operator keys plus the $json: prefix; $and/$or/$not; $exists: no; $in subquery: no; expression operands: no
SQL objectsfamily mysql: triggers yes; procedures yes; functions multiStatement; materialized views emulated (procedure); sequences no; enums inline; RLS no
StreamingqueryStream() present; LISTEN absent; createExtension() present

Related reading#

All dialects
MySQL dialect — everything inherited
Dolt SQL procedures
Dolt table functions
Modified at 2026-10-04 00:40:16
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