1. dialects
prorm
  • prorm documentation
  • Known test gaps
  • Architecture
  • Core concepts
  • Database types & coverage
  • Getting started
  • Going further
  • compliance
    • Compliance
    • The security toolkit: `prorm audit`
    • Checklists by regulation
    • Declaring personal data
    • Evidence bundles
    • Evidence
    • Frameworks: `@Security`
    • Jurisdictions
    • Platform policies
    • Protecting data
    • The regulation dataset
    • Residency and cross-border transfers
    • Retention & integrity
    • Status
    • Subject rights
  • decorators
    • prorm with decorators
    • Models with decorators
    • Querying a decorated model
    • Relations with decorators
  • diagrams
    • Diagram generators
    • Chen diagram
    • Class diagram
    • Dependency diagram
    • ER diagram
    • Flow diagram
    • From your models to a diagram
    • Gantt diagram
    • Index diagram
    • Migration diagram
    • Model diagram
    • Package diagram
    • Crow’s-foot diagram
    • Schema documentation
    • Sequence diagram
    • State diagram
    • Tree diagram
  • dialects
    • SQL dialects
    • AlloyDB Dialect
    • AlloyDB Omni Dialect
    • Amazon Athena Dialect
    • Aurora DSQL Dialect
    • Amazon Aurora MySQL Dialect
    • Amazon Aurora PostgreSQL Dialect
    • Azure Database for MySQL Dialect
    • Azure Database for PostgreSQL Dialect
    • Azure SQL Database Dialect
    • Azure SQL Managed Instance Dialect
    • Google BigQuery Dialect
    • Citus Dialect
    • ClickHouse dialect
    • Cloud Authentication (`cloud-auth`)
    • Cloud SQL for SQL Server Dialect
    • Cloud SQL for MySQL Dialect
    • Cloud SQL for PostgreSQL Dialect
    • CockroachDB Dialect
    • Azure Cosmos DB for PostgreSQL Dialect
    • CrateDB Dialect
    • Cloudflare D1 Dialect
    • Databricks dialect
    • IBM Db2 Dialect
    • Dolt Dialect
    • Apache Doris Dialect
    • Druid Dialect
    • DuckDB Dialect
    • Exasol dialect
    • Microsoft Fabric Data Warehouse Dialect
    • Firebird Dialect
    • Greenplum Dialect
    • SAP HANA Dialect
    • MySQL HeatWave Dialect
    • Azure Data Explorer (Kusto) Dialect — T-SQL
    • MariaDB Dialect
    • Materialize Dialect
    • MonetDB Dialect
    • MotherDuck Dialect
    • Microsoft SQL Server Dialect
    • MySQL Dialect
    • Neon Dialect
    • OceanBase Dialect
    • openGauss Dialect
    • Oracle Dialect
    • Oracle Autonomous Database Dialect
    • ParadeDB Dialect
    • PolarDB Dialect
    • PostgreSQL Dialect
    • Presto Dialect
    • QuestDB Dialect
    • Aurora RDS Data API Dialect (`rdsdata`)
    • Amazon RDS for Db2 Dialect
    • Amazon RDS for MariaDB Dialect
    • Amazon RDS for SQL Server Dialect
    • Amazon RDS for MySQL Dialect
    • Amazon RDS for Oracle Dialect
    • Amazon RDS for PostgreSQL Dialect
    • Amazon Redshift
    • Amazon Redshift Data API Dialect
    • RisingWave Dialect
    • rqlite Dialect
    • SingleStore Dialect
    • Snowflake Dialect
    • Google Cloud Spanner Dialect
    • Spanner (PostgreSQL interface) Dialect
    • SQLite Dialect
    • StarRocks Dialect
    • Supabase Dialect
    • Azure Synapse Analytics (dedicated SQL pool)
    • Teradata Dialect
    • TiDB Dialect
    • TimescaleDB Dialect
    • Trino Dialect
    • Turso / libSQL Dialect
    • Vertica dialect
    • Vitess Dialect
    • Yellowbrick Dialect
    • YugabyteDB Dialect
  • guides
    • Access rules and behaviour profiles
    • ArangoDB (AQL)
    • Associations
    • Audit levels and escalation
    • Audit logging
    • In the browser
    • Bulk operations
    • Caching
    • Capabilities, tiers and team roles
    • CLI
    • Cloudflare
    • Compliance & data protection
    • Connection Pooling & Performance
    • Security in the console
    • Couchbase: structured N1QL queries
    • Data types
    • Decorators
    • Eager loading
    • Enums and constants
    • Error handling & error types
    • Extensions
    • External fields
    • Foreign data wrappers
    • Graph databases
    • Hooks & lifecycle events
    • Indexes & constraints
    • InfluxDB: structured Flux pipelines
    • klock-errors
    • klock — the `.klock` file
    • Local databases (`prorm db up`)
    • Structured log search — Splunk, Graylog, Papertrail, Sumo Logic
    • Logging
    • Grafana Loki: structured LogQL queries
    • MCP server
    • Migrate — the data transfer subsystem
    • Migrations & Schema Sync
    • Models from an existing database
    • Defining models
    • Multiple databases
    • OrientDB, Neptune and TigerGraph
    • Passwords
    • Importing a Prisma schema
    • Structured PromQL and MetricsQL
    • Query firewall
    • QueryInterface
    • Query operators reference
    • Query optimization
    • Composing find options with `pipe()` and `Q`
    • Query safety: the fail-closed WHERE guard
    • Querying
    • Raw Queries & Query Building
    • Read replicas
    • Schema diffing & migration generation
    • Views, triggers & other schema objects
    • Scopes & default scopes
    • Seeders
    • SPARQL / RDF triplestores
    • SQL constants
    • SQL features
    • SQL function builders
    • SQLite advanced features
    • StoreKey — a prod-orm database as the storage
    • Streaming results
    • Terraform
    • Transactions & Isolation Levels
    • Type mapping: legacy and modern
    • TypeScript types
    • Database users, roles & privileges
    • Validation & constraints
    • Virtual & Computed Fields
    • Writing docs
  • javascript
    • prorm in JavaScript
    • Models in JavaScript
    • Querying in JavaScript
    • Relations in JavaScript
  • runbooks
    • Operational runbooks
    • Connection failures
    • Credential rotation
    • Failover
    • Incident checklist
    • Deploying klock v2
    • Migration rollback
  • running-databases
    • Running databases in Docker
    • Running prorm under Bun in Docker
    • Running Cassandra in Docker with prorm
    • Running ClickHouse in Docker with prorm
    • Running CockroachDB in Docker with prorm
    • Running prorm under Deno in Docker
    • Running Elasticsearch in Docker with prorm
    • Running MariaDB in Docker with prorm
    • Running MongoDB in Docker with prorm
  • prorm control plane
    • Introduction
    • Authentication
    • Errors
    • Getting started
      • Service
        • Is it up
        • This description
    • Account
      • Sign-up and verification
        • Create an account
        • Exchange credentials for a token
        • Verify with the emailed code
        • Verify by clicking the emailed link
        • Name the parent or guardian
        • What a consent link is about
        • Give consent for a child's account
        • Ask the parent or guardian again
        • Send a new code and link
      • Family
        • Everyone this account is responsible for
        • One child, in detail
        • Turn a limit on or off
      • Profile
        • Who am I
        • Change the account
        • Every address on the account
        • Add an address
        • Confirm an address with the code mailed to it
        • Mail a fresh code to an unconfirmed address
        • Make an address primary
        • Remove an address
        • What this caller may do
    • Security
      • Sessions
        • Everywhere this account is signed in
        • Sign out everywhere else
        • Sign one out
        • A token for the CLI on a named machine
        • A token for the customer console, from the staff one
        • Park a sign-in for the CLI to collect
        • The CLI collecting its sign-in
        • The team's members' live sessions
        • Sign a member's session out
        • Sign an account out everywhere
        • Everywhere the account is signed in
        • Sign an account's session out
      • Single sign-on
        • Begin a single sign-on
        • The provider's return
        • Link the signed-in account to a team's provider
        • Which team an address signs in to
        • The team's single sign-on, as a member sees it
        • Set the team's OpenID Connect provider up, or change it
        • Remove the provider
        • The team's domain claims and the DNS record each needs
        • Prove a claimed domain
      • MFA and passwords
        • Start enrolling a second factor
        • Prove the app has it
        • Remove the second factor
        • Ask for a reset link
        • Set a new password with the emailed token
      • Klock
        • Open a device-bound klock session
        • Check in, for the next grant
        • Step up the session asking
        • Rotate the device key
        • Freeze a session
        • Unfreeze a session
        • A guest grant
        • The revocation feed
        • The published keyset
        • What this control plane supports
      • Devices
        • Your devices, or a team's
        • Approve a new device's pairing code
        • One device
        • Rename a device
        • Revoke a device
        • Suspend a device
        • Reinstate a suspended device
        • Wipe a device
        • Ask a device to rotate its key
        • The team's members' devices
        • Revoke a member's device
        • An account's devices
        • Revoke an account's device
        • Wipe an account's device
        • The device fleet
      • Access rules and behaviour
        • The access rules that bear on you
        • Add an access rule
        • This request, as the rules see it
        • One access rule
        • Remove an access rule
        • The behaviour profiles that bear on you
        • Add or change a behaviour profile
        • The profile presets
        • Your behaviour findings
        • Acknowledge a finding
        • One behaviour profile
        • Remove a behaviour profile
        • The team's access rules
        • Add a team access rule
        • Remove a team access rule
        • The team's behaviour profiles
        • Add or change a team behaviour profile
        • Remove a team behaviour profile
        • What the team's profiles caught
        • Acknowledge a team finding
      • Recovery and lockdown
        • Ask for a recovery link
        • Recover access with the emailed code
        • Is the account locked down
        • Lock the account down
        • Release a lockdown
        • Lock a member down
        • Release a member's lockdown
      • MCP tokens
        • Make a delegated token for one MCP client
        • The account's delegated tokens
        • Revoke a delegated token
        • What a delegated token may do now
        • Run one MCP tool with a delegated token
        • Run a device-signed MCP tool call relayed by the MCP Worker
      • Kerberos
        • Give the team its own Kerberos realm
        • The team's realm
        • Remove the team's realm
    • Logging and monitoring
      • Audit log
        • What has been done to the account
        • What has happened to this account
        • The account's audit trail
      • Operations
        • Everything that has been asked of this database
        • One, with its steps
        • Stop it
        • Put a failed one back in the queue
        • Every operation, across all accounts
      • Metrics and events
        • Every measurement, for a graph
        • Who did what to it
    • Billing
      • Plans and pricing
        • What the plans allow
        • The rate card
        • What one database would cost
        • What this account is paying for, itemised
      • Subscriptions and invoices
        • What this month's invoice will say
        • What this account is on
        • What it has been charged
        • Start a Stripe Checkout session
        • Open the customer portal
        • Stripe's events
        • Buy more connection pools
      • Team billing
        • The team's billing account
        • What the team has been charged
        • What this month's invoice will say
        • The team's cards
        • Add a card, through a Stripe-hosted setup session
        • Make a card the team's default
        • Remove a card
        • Start the team paying
        • Open the Stripe portal on the team's customer
        • Change the team's plan
        • Who receives the team's bills
        • How the team pays for transfers
    • Support
      • Support chat
        • My conversations
        • Start a conversation
        • Every support conversation, open first
        • A ticket for the socket
        • One conversation, with who is in it and who is connected
        • Rename a group; open or close a support conversation
        • The lines, oldest first
        • Say something
        • Add somebody
        • Mark read
    • Administration
      • Users
        • Every account
        • One account, with everything hanging off it
        • Grant or revoke admin
        • Verify an account by hand
        • Lock or unlock sign-in
        • Allow or hold provisioning
        • Send the verification mail again
        • Set the plan by hand
      • Platform
        • Every database and store, across all accounts
        • The counts worth putting on a dashboard
      • Staff and permissions
        • What kind of admin the caller is, and which scopes they hold
        • The admin presets
        • Every admin, and the scopes each resolves to
        • Make an account an admin of a kind
        • Change an admin's kind, or a custom admin's scopes
        • Revoke admin
      • Team administration
        • Every team, with its owner and size
        • One team in full — members with their accounts, and projects
        • Hand the team to another member
        • Put an account in the team, active at once
        • Change a member's role
        • Remove a member
      • Assumed identities
        • Assume an identity — act as a customer account
        • The identities the caller holds open
        • End an assumed identity
      • Support inbox
        • The platform's addresses
        • Add a platform address
        • One address, with its counts
        • Change an address's label, routing, or whether it accepts mail
        • Remove an address that holds no mail
        • Make, adopt or repair the address's routing rule
        • Every admin's personal address, made where missing
        • File a raw message, as if it had arrived
        • The inbox
        • One message, whole
        • Mark a message
        • Hand a message to an admin, or take it back
        • Leave an internal note
        • Reply, from the address the message came to
        • What is waiting
    • Databases
      • Databases
        • Data stores
          • Every data store on the account
          • Provision a data store
          • Change a data store that is already running
          • One data store
          • Deprovision it
          • Report what it is using
          • How to reach a data store
        • Connections and credentials
          • The api keys on a database
          • Issue a key
          • Revoke a key
          • The engine users we created
          • Create a user inside the database
          • Give a user a new password
          • Drop a user
          • How the database is reached
          • Set how it is reached
          • Revoke every api key on it
          • How to connect to it
          • The ssh keys that open its bastion
          • Add a key, or have one made
          • The private half of a generated key, once
          • Revoke an ssh key
        • Schema and objects
          • The SQL objects we put in it
          • Create one, and apply it
          • What is in the database, as the engine reports it
          • One table
          • What it would run, without running it
          • Redefine an object in place
          • Drop it
          • The extensions installed in it
        • Migrations
          • A plan compiled to statements, recording nothing
          • The migrations recorded for it
          • Record one
          • Apply everything recorded and not yet run
          • Apply everything pending, oldest version first
        • Lifecycle
          • Grow or shrink it
          • Stop it accepting connections
          • Start it again
          • Move it to another region
        • Backups and replicas
          • Take a backup
          • The backups it has
          • Restore one into it
          • What has been restored into it, and from where
          • Its read copies
          • Add one
        • Policies
          • The catalog
          • One policy
          • What this database is held to
          • Switch a policy on, or change its knobs
          • Switch it off
          • Mark the policies reviewed
          • Evaluate the periodic policies now
          • Who is behind a credential
        • Passwordless
          • The database's passwordless sessions
          • Issue a passwordless session (v1)
          • Revoke a passwordless session
          • Bind a session to a device key
          • Issue a v2 session for a host to bind
          • Redeem an enrolment ticket on the host
          • Check a passwordless credential
          • Run one described query under a passwordless credential
        • Database roles
          • The database's roles
          • Define a role
          • One role
          • Change what a role permits
          • Delete a role, and revoke every key granted it
          • Grant a role, which mints a key
          • Who holds a role
          • The api keys bound to a role
        • Pools
          • A database's connection pools, and how busy each is
          • Open another pool
          • Rename a pool or change its size
          • Close a pool
        • Data plane
          • Run a query against a database
          • Several statements, in order, over one connection
          • Is this database answering
          • What the proxy itself is holding
        • Transfers
          • The strategies this account's tier may use
          • Price a transfer without creating it
          • The account's transfer jobs, newest first
          • Create a transfer job
          • One job, and whether its certificate holds
          • Cancel an unfinished job
          • Start a created job, confirming its price
          • Report a job's status (the runner, or the owner's side of a local run)
        • Every database on the account
        • Provision a database
        • Change a database that is already running
        • One database
        • Deprovision it
        • Read or write it
        • Report what it is using
        • The engines this API will provision
        • Where a managed database can be put
    • Teams
      • Teams
        • Members
          • Who is on it
          • Invite somebody
          • Accept an invitation
          • Change somebody's role
          • Remove somebody
        • Projects
          • The projects a team runs
          • Start one
          • Rename a project, or move its environment
          • Delete a project
          • One project, and what is in it
          • Put a database or store in it
          • What is in a project
          • Take one out
        • The teams this account is on
        • Start one
        • The twelve roles, and what each may do
        • Rename a team
        • Close a team
        • One team
        • Hand the team to somebody else
        • Leave a team
    • Schemas
      • Error
      • ValidationErrors
      • Token
      • PolicyCategory
      • PolicySeverity
      • PolicyAction
      • PolicyTrigger
      • PolicyParam
      • Policy
      • PolicyCatalog
      • PolicyAssignment
      • PolicyOutcome
      • PolicyFiring
      • CredentialTrace
      • Relation
      • Restrictions
      • ChildSummary
      • SignupRequest
      • SigninRequest
      • UpdateMeRequest
      • User
      • Address
      • GeoPoint
      • D1Region
      • Usage
      • UsageReport
      • Resource
      • Database
      • DataStore
      • NewDatabase
      • NewDataStore
      • QueryRequest
      • DatabasePrivilege
      • ApiKey
      • DbUser
      • Access
      • AccessRequest
      • DatabaseObject
      • NewDatabaseObject
      • NewMigration
      • SchemaOperation
      • Migration
      • Operation
      • Session
      • AdminPowers
      • Admin
      • AuditEntry
      • TeamRole
      • Conversation
      • ChatMessage
      • TeamSso
      • Team
      • TeamMember
      • SshKey
      • ConnectionInfo
      • InboxAddress
      • InboxMailbox
      • InboxMessageSummary
      • InboxMessage
      • InboxNote
      • Page
      • Quote
      • Plan
      • ApiError
      • CapabilityRefusal
      • KlockErrorCode
      • PageWindow
      • SessionView
      • KlockStepUpRequest
      • KlockOpenRequest
      • KlockOpenedSession
      • UpdateMeResult
      • CapabilitiesView
      • SessionLimits
      • Device
      • DeviceListed
      • DeviceTeamRef
      • DeviceCommand
      • DeviceAuditLine
      • DeviceActionRequest
      • StaffActionRequest
      • ManagedSession
      • SessionRevoked
      • AccessRule
      • AccessRuleRequest
      • BehaviourProfile
      • BehaviourProfileRequest
      • BehaviourProfileSaved
      • BehaviourFinding
      • BehaviourFindingAck
      • StepUpProof
      • Removed
      • MemberLockdownRequest
      • McpClient
      • McpDelegatedView
      • McpToolCall
      • McpForwardRequest
      • PasswordlessScope
      • RoleScope
      • PasswordlessSession
      • PasswordlessTlsMaterial
      • PasswordlessKerberosMaterial
      • ServiceDeviceKeys
      • ServiceSession
      • DatabaseRole
      • TransferEndpoint
      • TransferJobRequest
      • TransferQuote
      • TransferStrategy
      • TransferJob
      • TransferJobAccess
      • Pool
      • PoolAllowance
      • BillingSubscription
      • Invoice
      • BillingContact
      • PaymentMethod
      • UpcomingCharges
      • TeamBilling
      • TeamKerberosRealm
      • TeamSsoDomain
      • TeamSsoResponse
      • StoreConnection
      • BatchFailure
      • ProxyStatus
  1. dialects

CockroachDB Dialect

CockroachDB is a distributed, horizontally-scalable SQL database that speaks the
PostgreSQL wire protocol. The prorm CockroachDB dialect reuses the pg driver
(the same driver as the Postgres dialect) and mirrors most of its query-building
behavior, while adding CockroachDB-specific features: native UPSERT,
serialization-failure retry handling, multi-region localities, and zone
configuration.
Source: cockroachdb
Driver library: pg
Default port: 26257

Overview#

Because CockroachDB is largely SQL-compatible with PostgreSQL, this dialect
inherits the Postgres dialect's approach almost verbatim. The notable
differences are:
PropertyValue
Dialect namecockroachdb
Extendsnothing — implements Dialect directly
Driverpg
Cloud SDKnone
Default port26257
Local runtimeprorm db up --dialect cockroachdb (cockroachdb/cockroach:v23.2.13); docker-compose.test.yml
Default port is 26257 (not Postgres's 5432).
Schema introspection (showTables, describeTable, showIndexes,
showConstraints) prefers CockroachDB's SHOW ... statements instead of
querying information_schema / pg_catalog directly.
CREATE INDEX ... CONCURRENTLY is not emitted — index creation is
online/non-blocking by default in CockroachDB, so a requested concurrently
flag is ignored with a warning.
Native UPSERT INTO shorthand is available in addition to Postgres-style
INSERT ... ON CONFLICT ... DO UPDATE.
isRetryableError() and runTransaction() implement CockroachDB's
client-side transaction-retry contract for serialization failures
(SQLSTATE 40001).
Multi-region helpers (setPrimaryRegion, addRegion, setTableLocality,
setSurvivalGoal) and zone configuration (configureZone) are provided.

Honest limitations#

Interleaved tables (CockroachDB's deprecated INTERLEAVE IN PARENT
syntax) are intentionally not implemented.
rowFormat, engine, and charset table options are ignored with a
warning
— they have no CockroachDB equivalent.
The concurrently index option is ignored with a warning (index
creation is already online).
CockroachDB runs under SERIALIZABLE isolation by default; other isolation
levels passed to transactions may be silently upgraded by the server.

Quick start#

Install#

$ npm install ts-prorm-orm pg
$ pnpm add ts-prorm-orm pg
$ yarn add ts-prorm-orm pg
$ bun add ts-prorm-orm pg

Connect#

import { Prorm } from 'ts-prorm-orm';

export const db = new Prorm({
  dialect: 'cockroachdb',
  host: 'localhost',
  database: 'defaultdb',
  username: 'root',
});
import { Prorm } from 'ts-prorm-orm';

export const db = new Prorm({
  dialect: 'cockroachdb',
  url: 'cockroachdb://root@localhost:26257/defaultdb',
});
A URL is folded into host, port, database, username and password before the dialect is built; any of those passed alongside it wins.

Define a model#

import { DataTypes } from 'ts-prorm-orm';

const User = db.define('User', {
  id: { type: DataTypes.INTEGER(), primaryKey: true, autoIncrement: true },
  email: { type: DataTypes.STRING(255), allowNull: false, unique: true },
  name: { type: DataTypes.STRING(100) },
  meta: { type: DataTypes.JSONB() },
});

await db.sync(); // CREATE TABLE — see Generated SQL below
meta is JSONB, which the containment query below needs.

Query#

import { Op } from 'ts-prorm-orm';

await User.create({ email: 'ada@example.com', name: 'Ada' });

const page = await User.findAll({
  where: { name: { [Op.like]: 'A%' } },
  order: [['id', 'ASC']],
  limit: 20,
  offset: 40,
});

Generated SQL#

Each block is the statement the model call above it hands the dialect's query(), captured with the driver stubbed out. The model layer inlines the values.

Create table#

db.sync() for the model in the Quick start:
CREATE TABLE

Insert, update and delete#

await User.create({ email: 'ada@example.com', name: 'Ada' });
await User.update({ name: 'Grace' }, { where: { email: 'ada@example.com' } });
await User.destroy({ where: { id: 1 } });

Upsert#

await User.upsert({ id: 1, email: 'ada@example.com', name: 'Ada Lovelace' });
upsert() also reads the row by primary key before and after the write, to return the instance.

Pagination#

await User.findAll({
  where: { name: { [Op.like]: 'A%' } },
  order: [['id', 'ASC']],
  limit: 20,
  offset: 40,
});

JSON#

Containment on the meta column:
import { Op } from 'ts-prorm-orm';

await User.findAll({ where: { meta: { [Op.contains]: { plan: 'pro' } } } });

Transaction with a savepoint#

await db.transaction(async (t) => {
  await User.create({ email: 'grace@example.com', name: 'Grace' }, { transaction: t });
  // A nested transaction is a SAVEPOINT; its failure undoes only its own work.
  await db
    .transaction(async (sp) => {
      await User.destroy({ where: { id: 1 }, transaction: sp });
      throw new Error('keep the row');
    }, { transaction: t })
    .catch(() => {});
});

Fail fast on a locked row (NOWAIT)#

lock with nowait makes the statement fail at once instead of waiting for another transaction's lock:
await db.transaction(async (t) => {
  await User.findAll({ where: { id: 1 }, lock: { level: 'UPDATE', nowait: true }, transaction: t });
});
Type mapping for the portable descriptors: STRING → VARCHAR(255), auto-increment INTEGER → SERIAL, BOOLEAN → BOOLEAN, DATE → TIMESTAMP, UUID → UUID, JSON → JSON. The type comparison lines the major engines up side by side.

Connection#

Create a Prorm instance with dialect: 'cockroachdb'. Connection options
flow through to the pg pool.
import { Prorm, DataTypes } from 'ts-prorm-orm';

const prorm = new Prorm({
  dialect: 'cockroachdb',
  host: 'localhost',
  port: 26257, // CockroachDB's default SQL port; used automatically if omitted
  database: 'defaultdb',
  username: 'root',
  password: '',
});

await prorm.connect();
port defaults to 26257 when omitted, so most deployments only need host,
database, and credentials.

TLS / CockroachDB Cloud#

Managed CockroachDB (and any cluster running in secure mode) requires TLS. Pass
an ssl object through — it is forwarded directly to the pg pool:
const prorm = new Prorm({
  dialect: 'cockroachdb',
  host: 'your-cluster.cockroachlabs.cloud',
  port: 26257,
  database: 'defaultdb',
  username: 'user',
  password: process.env.COCKROACH_PASSWORD,
  dialectOptions: {
    ssl: { rejectUnauthorized: true },
    // statement/query timeouts (milliseconds) are also forwarded to pg:
    statementTimeout: 30000,
    queryTimeout: 30000,
  },
});
Supported connection options include host, port, database, username,
password, ssl, max (pool size), idleTimeoutMillis,
connectionTimeoutMillis, statementTimeout, and queryTimeout.

PostgreSQL compatibility#

Because CockroachDB speaks the pg-wire protocol, the dialect behaves like the
Postgres dialect for the vast majority of operations:
Identifiers are quoted with double quotes ("users").
Parameterized queries use $1, $2, ... placeholders.
RETURNING is supported on inserts, upserts, updates, and deletes.
SERIAL / BIGSERIAL auto-increment columns work as a Postgres-compat
shorthand (CockroachDB maps these to an implicit sequence internally; its own
default unique-ID generation otherwise uses unique_rowid()).
const User = prorm.define('User', {
  id: { type: DataTypes.INTEGER, primaryKey: true, autoIncrement: true }, // SERIAL
  email: { type: DataTypes.STRING(255), unique: true },
  profile: DataTypes.JSONB,
});

await User.sync();

const created = await User.create({ email: 'ada@example.com', profile: { tier: 'pro' } });

Schema introspection#

Introspection prefers CockroachDB's native SHOW statements:
const dialect = prorm.getDialectInstance();

const tables = await dialect.showTables();          // SHOW TABLES
const desc = await dialect.describeTable('users');  // SHOW COLUMNS FROM "users"
const idx = await dialect.showIndexes('users');     // SHOW INDEXES FROM "users"

Native UPSERT#

By default, upserts emit Postgres-style INSERT ... ON CONFLICT (...) DO UPDATE
for consistency with the Postgres dialect. CockroachDB also offers a native
UPSERT INTO shorthand that replaces the entire row matching the primary key —
no conflict target required. Opt into it with nativeUpsert: true.
const dialect = prorm.getDialectInstance();

// Default: INSERT ... ON CONFLICT ... DO UPDATE
const conflictUpsert = dialect.buildUpsertQuery(
  'users',
  { id: 1, email: 'ada@example.com' },
  { conflictFields: ['id'], updateOnDuplicate: ['email'] },
);
// => INSERT INTO "users" ("id", "email") VALUES ($1, $2)
//    ON CONFLICT ("id") DO UPDATE SET "email" = excluded."email"

// Native CockroachDB UPSERT
const nativeUpsert = dialect.buildUpsertQuery(
  'users',
  { id: 1, email: 'ada@example.com' },
  { nativeUpsert: true },
);
// => UPSERT INTO "users" ("id", "email") VALUES ($1, $2)
The same nativeUpsert flag is accepted by buildInsertQuery when upsert is
also set:
dialect.buildInsertQuery(
  'users',
  { id: 1, email: 'ada@example.com' },
  { upsert: true, nativeUpsert: true, returning: true },
);
// => UPSERT INTO "users" ("id", "email") VALUES ($1, $2) RETURNING *
Note: Native UPSERT replaces the row matching the table's primary key
wholesale and does not accept a conflict target, so conflictFields and
updateOnDuplicate are ignored when nativeUpsert is set. Use the default
ON CONFLICT form when you need to match on a non-primary-key unique column or
update only a subset of columns.

Serialization retries#

CockroachDB runs transactions under SERIALIZABLE isolation. When two
concurrent transactions conflict, one aborts with SQLSTATE 40001
(serialization_failure, surfaced to clients as a "restart transaction"
error). This is a routine, expected occurrence, and CockroachDB's client
contract is to retry the whole transaction from the beginning.

isRetryableError()#

Detects whether an error is a serialization failure that should be retried. It
checks the pg error's .code, walks nested .cause chains, and finally falls
back to matching the message text (40001, serialization_failure,
restart transaction) for call paths that lose the structured code.
const dialect = prorm.getDialectInstance();

try {
  await dialect.query('UPDATE accounts SET balance = balance - 100 WHERE id = 1');
} catch (err) {
  if (dialect.isRetryableError(err)) {
    // Safe to retry the transaction
  } else {
    throw err;
  }
}

runTransaction() — automatic retry loop#

runTransaction() implements CockroachDB's client-side retry contract using the
SAVEPOINT cockroach_restart pattern: a savepoint is created right after
BEGIN, and on a retryable error the transaction rolls back to that savepoint
(rather than aborting outright) so the callback is re-run. It retries up to
maxRetries times (default 5) before rethrowing.
const dialect = prorm.getDialectInstance();

const result = await dialect.runTransaction(
  async (tx) => {
    await tx.query('UPDATE accounts SET balance = balance - 100 WHERE id = $1', {
      replacements: [1],
    });
    await tx.query('UPDATE accounts SET balance = balance + 100 WHERE id = $1', {
      replacements: [2],
    });
    return 'transfer complete';
  },
  { maxRetries: 5 },
);
Because the callback may run more than once, it should be idempotent and
avoid externally-visible side effects other than through the database.
Serialization retries are also folded into the default query-retry match lists,
so single-statement query() calls that opt into retries ({ retry: { max } })
cover 40001 too — no bespoke configuration needed.

Data types#

CockroachDB uses the Postgres type system. getDataTypeSql() maps the ORM's
DataTypes to CockroachDB SQL:
DataTypeCockroachDB SQL
STRING(n)VARCHAR(n) (default 255)
CHAR(n)CHAR(n)
TEXTTEXT
INTEGERINTEGER (SERIAL if auto-increment)
BIGINTBIGINT (BIGSERIAL if auto-increment)
FLOATREAL
DOUBLEDOUBLE PRECISION
DECIMAL(p, s)DECIMAL(p, s)
BOOLEANBOOLEAN
DATETIMESTAMP (TIMESTAMP(p) with precision)
DATEONLYDATE
TIMETIME (TIME(p) with precision)
BLOBBYTEA
JSONJSON
JSONBJSONB
UUIDUUID
INET / CIDRINET / CIDR
ARRAY(T)T[]
GEOMETRY / GEOGRAPHYspatial types (with optional SRID)
const Event = prorm.define('Event', {
  id: { type: DataTypes.UUID, primaryKey: true, defaultValue: DataTypes.UUIDV4 },
  tags: DataTypes.ARRAY(DataTypes.STRING(50)), // VARCHAR(50)[]
  payload: DataTypes.JSONB,
  ip: DataTypes.INET,
  createdAt: DataTypes.DATE, // TIMESTAMP
});
Array values are escaped using CockroachDB's ARRAY[...] literal syntax so they
are usable directly in array-typed columns.

CockroachDB-specific features#

Beyond the common dialect surface, the CockroachDB dialect exposes distributed
features. These are grounded in real methods on the dialect instance.

Multi-region localities#

const dialect = prorm.getDialectInstance();

// Promote a database to multi-region and add regions
await dialect.setPrimaryRegion('us-east1');
await dialect.addRegion('us-west1', { ifNotExists: true });
await dialect.setSurvivalGoal('region'); // survive a full region failure

// Table localities: GLOBAL, REGIONAL BY TABLE, REGIONAL BY ROW
await dialect.setTableLocality('users', { type: 'global' });
await dialect.setTableLocality('sessions', { type: 'regional-by-row', column: 'region' });

Zone configuration#

await dialect.configureZone(
  { kind: 'table', name: 'orders' },
  { numReplicas: 5, gcTtlSeconds: 90000, constraints: '[+region=us-east1]' },
);

await dialect.resetZoneConfig({ kind: 'table', name: 'orders' });

Hash-sharded indexes and column families#

Hash-sharded index options (bucketCount / shard) and column families
(storage-layout hints grouping hot/cold columns) can be passed alongside the
common index and table options via CockroachDB's extended option types. See
CockroachHashShardedIndexOptions and CockroachTableOptions in the source.

See also#

CockroachDB UPSERT
Transaction retry error reference
Table localities
Configure replication zones

Capabilities#

Computed from the code — capabilitiesOf() (src/transaction-support.ts),
whereSupportOf() (src/query-builders/expression-render.ts),
sqlObjectCapabilitiesOf() (src/sql-objects/capabilities.ts) and the
builders — by the scratch test described in the
capability matrix.
Capabilitycockroachdb
Transactions atomicyes
Savepointsyes
Isolationup to SERIALIZABLE
Transaction modesread-only no; deferrable no; constraint deferral no
RETURNINGRETURNING on INSERT
UpsertINSERT … ON CONFLICT (…) DO UPDATE
JSON columnJSON (JSONB → JSONB)
Vector columnVECTOR(3)
Array columnINTEGER[]
WHERE builder56 operator keys; $and/$or/$not; $exists: yes; $in subquery: yes; expression operands: yes
SQL objectsfamily postgres: triggers yes; procedures yes; functions multiStatement; materialized views native; sequences yes; enums named; RLS policy
StreamingqueryStream() present; LISTEN absent; createExtension() present

Testing#

tests/dialects/cockroachdb.test.ts exercises the dialect with a mocked driver, so nothing touches a server. A live instance: prorm db up --dialect cockroachdb (see Local databases).

Related reading#

Running cockroachdb in Docker — get one going locally
All dialects — what each engine supports
Data types — how each type maps to this engine
Querying — how a FindOptions becomes SQL
Modified at 2026-10-04 00:40:16
Previous
Cloud SQL for PostgreSQL Dialect
Next
Azure Cosmos DB for PostgreSQL Dialect
Built with