1. dialects
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  1. dialects

Oracle Autonomous Database Dialect

Overview#

Oracle Autonomous Database
(Autonomous Transaction Processing, Autonomous Data Warehouse, Autonomous JSON
Database) is Oracle Database run by Oracle. The SQL, types and driver are
Oracle's, so OracleAutonomousDialect extends OracleDialect and inherits
all of it. It changes how you connect, refuses what the managed database
refuses, and adds DBMS_CLOUD builders for loading from object storage.
PropertyValue
Dialect nameoracleautonomous
ExtendsOracleDialect
Driveroracledb (Thin mode by default)
Default port1522 (mTLS and TLS; TLS also on 1521)
Cloud SDKnone
Local runtimenone — hosted service only

Quick start#

Install#

$ npm install ts-prorm-orm oracledb
$ pnpm add ts-prorm-orm oracledb
$ yarn add ts-prorm-orm oracledb
$ bun add ts-prorm-orm oracledb
oracledb is the same driver the oracle dialect uses.

Connect#

import { Prorm } from 'ts-prorm-orm';

export const db = new Prorm({
  dialect: 'oracleautonomous',
  username: 'ADMIN',
  password: process.env.ADB_PASSWORD,
  database: 'mydb', // with service, selects the tnsnames alias mydb_tp
  dialectOptions: {
    service: 'tp',
    configDir: '/opt/wallet_mydb',
    walletLocation: '/opt/wallet_mydb',
    walletPassword: process.env.WALLET_PASSWORD,
  },
});

Define a model#

import { DataTypes } from 'ts-prorm-orm';

const User = db.define('User', {
  id: { type: DataTypes.INTEGER(), primaryKey: true, autoIncrement: true },
  email: { type: DataTypes.STRING(255), allowNull: false, unique: true },
  name: { type: DataTypes.STRING(100) },
});

await db.sync(); // CREATE TABLE — see Generated SQL below

Query#

import { Op } from 'ts-prorm-orm';

await User.create({ email: 'ada@example.com', name: 'Ada' });

const page = await User.findAll({
  where: { name: { [Op.like]: 'A%' } },
  order: [['id', 'ASC']],
  limit: 20,
  offset: 40,
});

Generated SQL#

Each block is the statement the model call above it hands the dialect's query(), captured with the driver stubbed out. The model layer inlines the values.

Insert, update and delete#

await User.create({ email: 'ada@example.com', name: 'Ada' });
await User.update({ name: 'Grace' }, { where: { email: 'ada@example.com' } });
await User.destroy({ where: { id: 1 } });

Upsert#

await User.upsert({ id: 1, email: 'ada@example.com', name: 'Ada Lovelace' });
MERGE statement
upsert() also reads the row by primary key before and after the write, to return the instance.

Pagination#

await User.findAll({
  where: { name: { [Op.like]: 'A%' } },
  order: [['id', 'ASC']],
  limit: 20,
  offset: 40,
});

Transaction with a savepoint#

await db.transaction(async (t) => {
  await User.create({ email: 'grace@example.com', name: 'Grace' }, { transaction: t });
  // A nested transaction is a SAVEPOINT; its failure undoes only its own work.
  await db
    .transaction(async (sp) => {
      await User.destroy({ where: { id: 1 }, transaction: sp });
      throw new Error('keep the row');
    }, { transaction: t })
    .catch(() => {});
});

Skip locked rows (SKIP LOCKED)#

A worker that claims rows from a queue table should pass over rows another transaction holds rather than wait for them. lock with skipLocked inside a transaction:
await db.transaction(async (t) => {
  await User.findAll({ where: { name: 'Ada' }, lock: { level: 'UPDATE', skipLocked: true }, transaction: t });
});
Type mapping for the portable descriptors: STRING → VARCHAR2(255), auto-increment INTEGER → NUMBER(10), BOOLEAN → NUMBER(1), DATE → DATE, UUID → RAW(16), JSON → CLOB. The type comparison lines the major engines up side by side.

Connection#

Every connection uses TLS. node-oracledb runs in its pure-JavaScript Thin mode
by default, so no Instant Client is needed.

Mutual TLS, with a wallet#

Download the wallet zip from the console and unzip it. configDir is the directory
holding tnsnames.ora. walletLocation is the one holding ewallet.pem, usually
the same directory. walletPassword is the password you chose when you downloaded
the wallet.
const db = new Prorm({
  dialect: 'oracleautonomous',
  username: 'ADMIN',
  password: process.env.ADB_PASSWORD,
  database: 'mydb', // with `service`, selects the tnsnames alias mydb_tp
  dialectOptions: {
    service: 'tp',
    configDir: '/opt/wallet_mydb',
    walletLocation: '/opt/wallet_mydb',
    walletPassword: process.env.WALLET_PASSWORD,
  },
});
walletContent passes the PEM contents instead of a path. You can also pass
connectString with any alias from tnsnames.ora (mydb_high), a full connect
descriptor, or an Easy Connect string, and it is used as given. mTLS runs on port
1522 only.

TLS without a wallet#

First add an access control list or a private endpoint, and turn off "mTLS
required" on the database. Then give the host and the full service name, and the
dialect builds a descriptor:
const db = new Prorm({
  dialect: 'oracleautonomous',
  username: 'ADMIN',
  password: process.env.ADB_PASSWORD,
  dialectOptions: {
    host: 'adb.us-ashburn-1.oraclecloud.com',
    port: 1521, // or 1522
    serviceName: 'abc123_mydb_low.adb.oraclecloud.com',
  },
});
// (DESCRIPTION=(RETRY_COUNT=20)(RETRY_DELAY=3)(ADDRESS=(PROTOCOL=TCPS)(PORT=1521)
//  (HOST=adb.us-ashburn-1.oraclecloud.com))(CONNECT_DATA=(SERVICE_NAME=abc123_mydb_low.adb.oraclecloud.com))
//  (SECURITY=(SSL_SERVER_DN_MATCH=YES)))
buildAutonomousConnectDescriptor() is also exported. The dialect also passes
through sslServerDNMatch, sslServerCertDN, httpsProxy/httpsProxyPort,
retryCount and retryDelay.

Thick mode#

With thinMode: false, configDir goes to initOracleClient(), and the wallet
(cwallet.sso, sqlnet.ora) is found there. walletPassword and walletContent
work in Thin mode only, so they are refused in Thick mode.

Services#

ServiceUse
tpurgentTime-critical transactions, highest priority, manual parallelism
tpTypical transaction processing, no parallelism
highReporting and batch, parallel, low concurrency
mediumReporting and batch, parallel, typical concurrency
lowLowest priority, no parallelism

How connect() works#

OracleDialect.connect() builds host:port/database by default, then passes
those attributes through its protected resolvePoolAttributes() hook before
calling createPool. OracleAutonomousDialect overrides that hook (see
buildPoolAttributes()) to swap in the wallet / TLS connect string and pool
sizing, and lets the inherited connect() create the pool and track
connection state.

What it refuses#

Autonomous Database returns ORA-01031: insufficient privileges for these. The
dialect's query() stops them first and names the alternative:
Asked forInstead
privilege: SYSDBA (or any administrative privilege)Connect as ADMIN, which is not granted SYSDBA
CREATE / ALTER / DROP TABLESPACETablespaces are managed automatically
ALTER SYSTEM other than SET, KILL SESSION, CANCEL SQL—
ALTER DATABASE other than DEFAULT EDITION, SET TIME_ZONE, SET CMU_WALLET—
CREATE / DROP DATABASE LINKDBMS_CLOUD_ADMIN.CREATE_DATABASE_LINK / DROP_DATABASE_LINK
ADMINISTER KEY MANAGEMENTOracle-managed keys, or OCI Vault
CREATE LIBRARY—
CREATE DATABASE / DROP DATABASE, createDatabaseSQL()Provision the database in OCI
The guard checks only the first statement of each query. Anything else is left to
the server. CREATE USER ... DEFAULT TABLESPACE is accepted by the server but has
no effect.

DBMS_CLOUD: loading from object storage#

Each builder returns { sql, binds }. Every value, secrets included, is a named
bind variable and never part of the SQL text. The copyData(),
createCloudCredential() and createCloudExternalTable() methods run them.
const d = db.dialect as OracleAutonomousDialect;

await d.createCloudCredential({
  credentialName: 'OBJ_CRED',
  username: 'me@example.com',
  password: authToken,
});
// BEGIN DBMS_CLOUD.CREATE_CREDENTIAL(credential_name => :credential_name, username => :username, password => :password); END;

await d.copyData({
  table: 'SALES',
  credentialName: 'OBJ_CRED',
  fileUris: 'https://objectstorage.us-ashburn-1.oraclecloud.com/n/ns/b/bkt/o/sales*.csv',
  format: { type: 'csv', skipheaders: 1 },
});

await d.createCloudExternalTable({
  table: 'EXT_SALES',
  fileUris: ['https://objectstorage.example.com/n/ns/b/bkt/o/sales.parquet'],
  columnList: 'id NUMBER, amount NUMBER',
  format: { type: 'parquet', schema: 'first' },
});
Credentials come in two forms: username/password (OCI auth token, AWS key pair,
Azure account key) and OCI API signing key (userOcid, tenancyOcid,
privateKey, fingerprint).
fileUris must be https:// URIs. More than one URI is sent as the
comma-delimited file_uri_list.
format is sent as a JSON document. Its values must be scalars.
buildDropCredentialSql() builds DBMS_CLOUD.DROP_CREDENTIAL.

References#

About connecting to Autonomous Database
TLS and mTLS network options
Database service names
SQL command restrictions
ADMIN user roles and privileges
DBMS_CLOUD subprograms
node-oracledb connection handling

What differs from Oracle#

OracleAutonomousDialect extends OracleDialect (oracle) and
overrides 14 of its methods (Object.getOwnPropertyNames(OracleAutonomousDialect.prototype),
computed by the scratch test); everything else is inherited unchanged.
AreaOverridden
Connection and executionbuildPoolAttributes, oracleClientInitOptions, query, resolvePoolAttributes
DDL and schemabuildCreateCredentialSql, buildCreateExternalTableSql, buildDropCredentialSql, createCloudCredential, createCloudExternalTable, createDatabaseSQL, dropDatabaseSQL
IntrospectionresolveConnectString
OtherbuildCopyDataSql, copyData

Capabilities#

Computed from the code — capabilitiesOf() (src/transaction-support.ts),
whereSupportOf() (src/query-builders/expression-render.ts),
sqlObjectCapabilitiesOf() (src/sql-objects/capabilities.ts) and the
builders — by the scratch test described in the
capability matrix.
Capabilityoracleautonomous
Transactions atomicyes
Savepointsyes (no explicit RELEASE)
Isolationup to SERIALIZABLE (accepted: READ COMMITTED, SERIALIZABLE); native levels READ ONLY
Transaction modesread-only no; deferrable no; constraint deferral no
RETURNINGRETURNING on INSERT
UpsertMERGE INTO … WHEN MATCHED / WHEN NOT MATCHED
JSON columnCLOB (JSONB → BLOB)
Vector columnVECTOR(3, FLOAT32)
Array columnVARCHAR2(255)
WHERE builder34 operator keys; $and/$or/$not; $exists: no; $in subquery: no; expression operands: no
SQL objectsfamily oracle: triggers yes; procedures yes; functions multiStatement; materialized views native; sequences yes; enums check; RLS no
StreamingqueryStream() present; LISTEN absent; createExtension() present

Testing#

tests/dialects/oracleautonomous.test.ts exercises the dialect with a mocked driver, so nothing touches a server.

See also#

All dialects — the family tree and the capability matrix
oracle — the parent dialect this one extends
Modified at 2026-10-04 00:40:16
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